Dheeraj ki Pathshala

There are three type of solution on the basis of solubility (OR) on the basis of amount of solute dissolved in given solvent..... 1. Unsaturated solution 2. Saturated solution and  3. Supersaturated solution 1. Unsaturated solution :  Those solution in which more solute can be dissolved without increasing temperature,  is known as Unsaturated solution. 2.  Saturated solution : Those solution in whitch at given temperature,  no more solute can be dissolved , is known as saturated solution. 3.  Supersaturated solution : Those solution which contain more solute than necessary to be situated solution at a given temperature , is known as supersaturated solution.

Osmosis :  ✓ Spontaneous uni-directional movement of solvent through semi permeable membrane from lower concentration of solution to higher concentration of solution is known as osmosis. [ Here Lower concentration of solution means  a Diluted solution ( in which amount of solute is less than the amount of solvent. ) And higher concentration of solution means a concentrated solution ( in which amount of solute is more than amount of solvent .) Semipermeable membrane (SPM) :  membrane having a network of submicroscopic holes or pores by which small molecule like solvent can pass through it but larger molecule like salute is hindered is known as semi permeable membrane. ] Osmotic pressure (π) :  ✓ The extra pressure applied on the side of solution so that the net flow of solvent through the semipermeable membrane is stoped , the extra pressure is known as osmotic pressure. ✓ Osmotic pressure represent as pi (π). By experiment it is found that osmotic pressure is d

Solution :  Definition of Solution : ✓  Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more than two components. [ Homogeneous mixture : those mixture which have uniform properties and composition. ] Components of solution : There are two component in solution 1. Salute :  ✓ One of the components of the solution that are lesser in amount is known as Solute. 2. Solvent : Those component of the solution that are present in large amount, is known as Solvent. Examples :  H2O + Salt H2O + Sugar On the basis of Solvent , solution are characterized into three groups ;  1. Solid solution 2. Liquid solution 3. Gaseous solution 1. Solid solution : ✓ Those solution in which solid components are present in solution as a solvent ( i.e. Higher in amount ) is known as Solid solution. ✓ Solid solution are of three types (a) Solid solute + solid solvent  ( Ex- mixture of copper and gold ) (b) Liquid solute + solid solvent 

Classification of carbohydrates on the basis of their hydrolytic behaviour in water :  They are characterized into three groups  1. Monosaccharides  2. Oligosaccharides and  3. Polysaccharides [1]. Monosaccharides :  ✓  Those carbohydrates that give one unit of monosaccharides on hydrolysis is known as Monosaccharides. ✓ monosaccharides are single and simplest unit of carbohydrate. ✓ monosaccharides are also known as basic unit of carbohydrates. ✓ monosaccharides are not further hydrolysed into their simplest form of carbohydrate. Examples:   Glucose ( C6H12O6 ) Fructose ( C6H12O6 ) Galactose ( C6H12O6 ) etc. [2]. Oligosaccharides : ✓  Those carbohydrates that give 2 to 10 units of Monosaccharides on hydrolysis is known as Oligosaccharides. √  if Oligosaccharides hydrolysed into 2 unit of monosaccharides then it is known as disaccharides. Example of disaccharides :  Sucrose ( Glucose + Fructose ) maltose ( Glucose + Glucose ) Lactose ( Glucose + Galactose ) √  if Oligosaccharides hyd

Carbohydrates :  Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides. There are two concepts related to definition of carbohydrates - 1.classical concept  and  2.modern concept. Classical concept of carbohydrate: √ Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon that fit in the formula of Cn(H2O)y. ex :1.  Glucose (C6H12O6) can be written as C6(H2O)6 ex:2. Sucrose (C12H22O11) can be written as C12(H2O)11 Failure of classical concept of Carbohydrates: √ The compound of molecular formula C2H4O2(i.e. acetic acid ch3cooh) is Fit in the formula as C2(H2O)2.  But the physical and chemical properties of this compound is different from carbohydrates. And also A Organic compounds of molecular formula C6H12O5 (Rhamnose) have similar properties to the carbohydrates but not fit in that formula. as C6(H2O)5.H2 This is the reason behind the failure of classical concept of carbohydrates definition. Modern concept of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are optically active ,  polyhydroxy , aldehyde or ketones. [ Here  opticall

Biomolecules :  √ The molecules , responsible to sustain the life or life-process is known as biomolecule. √ All living organisms composed of the biomolecules like carbohydrates proteins , nucleic acid, lipids , vitamins, hormones etc .